GENETIKA, Vol. 15, No.2 (1983)
M. FELDMAN
GENE TRANSFER FROM WILD SPECIES INTO CULTIVATED PLANTS [Abstract]
A. BLANCO and E. PORCEDDU
WIDE HYBRIDIZATION IN WHEAT BREEDING [Abstract]
R. von BOTHMER and A. HAGBERG
PRE-BREEDING AND WIDE HYBRIDIZATION IN BARLEY [Abstract]
W.G. AYAD and B.V. FORD-LLOYD
THE ANALYSIS OF HORDEIN POLYMORPHISM IN A WORLD COLLECTION OF BARLEY LAND RACES (HORDEUM VULGARE) AND WILD FORMS - (H. SPONTANEUM AND H. AGRIOCRITHON) - PROSPECTS FOR BARLEY BREEDERS [Abstract]
V. TRIFUNOVIĆ
WIDE CROSSES IN MAIZE [Abstract]
B. MOLSKI, J. PUCHALSKI, W. LUCZAK and R. KUBICZEK
METHODS OF SELECTION OF NEW CHARACTERS AMONG THE: CULTIVATED AND WILD RYE COLLECTION FOR BREEDING PURPOSES [Abstract]
K.M. SWIEZYNSKI
PARENTAL LINE BREEDING IN POTATOES [Abstract]
L.J.M. van SOEST
INTERSPECIFIC HYBRIDIZATION WITH THE ALLOTETRAPLOID TUBER-BEARING SOLANUM SPECIES S. HJERTINGII AND S. FENDLERI [Abstract]
B.V. FORD-LLOYD
PROGRESS IN BEET GERMPLASM UTILISATION [Abstract]
D.J. OCKENDON
PRE-BREEDING IN PHASEOLUS BEANS [Abstract]
Published in „GENETIKA“ Vol. 15, No.2 (1983), pp. 145-161
© 1983 Serbian Genetics Society
S. Bajića 1, 11185 Belgrade-Zemun
Serbia
UDC 575.222.73
Original scientific paper
GENE TRANSFER FROM WILD SPECIES INTO CULTIVATED PLANTS
M. FELDMAN1
Plant Genetics, The Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot 76100, Israel
Abstract
Feldman, M. (1983): Gene transfer from wild species into cultivated plants. - Genetika, Vol. 15, No. 2,145-161.
The vast gene pools of the wild relatives of cultivated plants contain many economically important genes that can be transferred to crops and utilized for their improvement. In order to exploit effectively these valuable gene pools, methods for interspecific and intergeneric gene transfer have been developed in various crops during the last several decades. The wild relatives are described in groups, according to their genetic relatedness to the cultivated crop, and corresponding suitable procedures for gene transfer are discussed. Methods for transfer of alien material, briefly reviewed in this article, include incorporation of a whole genome, a single chromosome, a chromosome arm, a small chromosomal segment or a gene as well as cytoplasmic organelles and genes. The techniques inducing a selective transfer of a small alien chromosomal segment carrying the desired gene are emphasized, being the most promising procedures for alien gene transfer.
Published in „GENETIKA“ Vol. 15, No.2 (1983), pp. 163-183
© 1983 Serbian Genetics Society
S. Bajića 1, 11185 Belgrade-Zemun
Serbia
UDC 575.222.73
Original scientific paper
WIDE HYBRIDIZATION IN WHEAT BREEDING
A. BLANCO and E. PORCEDDU
Institute of Plant Breeding, University, Bari, Italy
Germplasm Institute, C.N.R., Bari, Italy
Abstract
Blanco, A. and Porceddu, E. (1983): Wide hybridization in wheat breeding. - Genetika, Vol. 15, No. 2, 163-183.
During these past decades durum and common wheat have been subjected to very intensive breeding work, and the genetic, variability has been rapidly narrowing. Enlargement of the genetic basis is possible however exploiting the large reservoir of genes of wild progenitors and other more distant species of Triticeae. Interspecific crossability barriers can be surmounted by pre- and/or post-pollination treatments of the mother plant with growth regulators of immunosuppressants or by utilizing environmental variability. In vitro culture of embryos usually facilitates hybrid seed production.
A significant increase in homoeologous pairing can be obtained when chromosome 5B is absent or with pH mutant lines. Methods for the transfer of alien genetic variation to wheat are presented and discussed.
The full exploitation of wild germplasm requires information on wild species and availability of breeding lines incorporating genes for useful characters from alien species
Published in „GENETIKA“ Vol. 15, No.2 (1983), pp. 185-197
© 1983 Serbian Genetics Society
S. Bajića 1, 11185 Belgrade-Zemun
Serbia
UDC 575.222.73
Original scientific paper
PRE-BREEDING AND WIDE HYBRIDIZATION IN BARLEY
R. von BOTHMER and A. HAGBERG
Institute for Crop Genetics and Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
S-268 00 Svalov, Sweden
Abstract
Bothmer, R. von and Hagberg, A. (1983): Pre-breeding and wide hybridization in barley. - Genetika, Vol. 15, No. 2, 185-197.
Agronomic characters of the wild species of Hordeum have not been intensely explored and more studies should be initiated. Resistance genes have been found towards, eg. powdery mildew, smuts and rust. Winter hardiness, salt tolerance and drought resistance are other characters present in some of the wild species.
Alien gene transfer between various wild Hordeum species and cultivated barley have proved to be delicate and no varieties have so far been released. Hordeum compreses some 28 species and direct hybrids between cultivated barley and different wild' species have been obtained or reported in 15 interspecific cases, and complex hybrids in an additional 4 combinations. Diploid combinations are very difficult to obtain in spite of a general good seed set. Cultivated barley functions poorly as the female parent but significantly better as the male parent. A backcross programme has been started and some combinations are in BC2, but it has not yet been possible to restore fertility.
A summary of combinations between cultivated barley and the other crop species in the genus as well as other intergeneric combinations will be presented.
Chromosome elimination has been obtained or reported in 6 interspecific Hordeum combinations with cultivated barley, but only the combination H. vulgare X H. bulbusum results in barley haploids. In all other interspecific combinations the chromosomes of H. vulgare are eliminated. The intergeneric cross Hordeum vulgare x Psathyro-stachys fragile also results in barley haploids.
A review of the available Hordeum germplasm is presented.
Published in „GENETIKA“ Vol. 15, No.2 (1983), pp. 199-202
© 1983 Serbian Genetics Society
S. Bajića 1, 11185 Belgrade-Zemun
Serbia
UDC 575.173
Original scientific paper
THE ANALYSIS OF HORDEIN POLYMORPHISM IN A WORLD COLLECTION OF BARLEY LAND RACES (HORDEUM VULGARE) AND WILD FORMS - (H. SPONTANEUM AND H. AGRIOCRITHON) - PROSPECTS FOR BARLEY BREEDERS
W.G. AYAD and B.V. FORD-LLOYD
Dept. of Plant Biology, University of Birmingham, P.O. Box 363, Birmingham, B15 2TT, U.K.
Abstract
Ayad, W.G. and Ford-Lloyd, B.V. (1983): The analysis of hordein polymorphism in a world collection of barley land races (Hordeum vulgare) and wild forms - (H. spontaneum and H. agriocrithon). Prospects for barley breeding. - Genetika, Vol. 15, No. 2,199-202.
Barley germplasm collections maintained in genebanks have been surveyed by many researchers for several favourable characters such as high yields, high total protein and lysine contents, tolerance to environmental stresses, disease and insect resistance and various morphological characteristics (Tolbert et al, 1979). However, for such surveys to lead to a more efficient transfer of favorable genes or gene-complexes to commercial cultivars, we are dependent upon the availability of simple, rapid and genetically meaningful screening techniques (Blake, 1981).
Published in „GENETIKA“ Vol. 15, No.2 (1983), pp. 203-218
© 1983 Serbian Genetics Society
S. Bajića 1, 11185 Belgrade-Zemun
Serbia
UDC 575.222.73
Original scientific paper
WIDE CROSSES IN MAIZE
V. TRIFUNOVIĆ
Maize Research Institute, Zemun Polje, 11081 Zemun, Yugoslavia
Abstract
Trifunovic, V. (1983): Wide crosses in maize. - Genetika, Vol. 15, No.2, 203-218.
Due to its origin and way of pollination, maize is a very adaptive and genetically very variable plant species. Geneticists and maize breeders have been trying to increase and take advantage of this variability for the development of higher yielding types and hybrids, bearing in mind the basic assumption that the degree of genetic variability is the primary prerequisite for heterosis.
The development of the common dent type maize, which is widespread in the temperature regions of maize growing is a well-known example of wide crosses between the so-called Southern Dents, mostly of Mexican origin, and 8-10 rowed Northern Flints.
Many authors who have studied the origin, evolution and distribution of particular maize races have emphasized the importance of wide crosses for the development of new synthetics, composites and hybrid combinations as source materials for the development of inbred lines and, hence, new superior maize hybrids.
Crosses between the genus Zea mays and its relatives Euchlena and Tripsacum have also been reported.
The long-term programme of development of specific prolific maize types at the Maize Research Institute in Zemun Polje has included wide crosses: (a) between pop corn and standard, nonprolific maize inbreds; (b) Euchlena and Zea; and (c) distant forms of the Mexican race Tuxpeno and Italian flints.
The methods applied and the performance of the resulting crosses will be discussed in the paper in detail.
Published in „GENETIKA“ Vol. 15, No.2 (1983), pp. 219-241
© 1983 Serbian Genetics Society
S. Bajića 1, 11185 Belgrade-Zemun
Serbia
UDC 575.173 : 631.528.7
Original scientific paper
METHODS OF SELECTION OF NEW CHARACTERS AMONG THE: CULTIVATED AND WILD RYE COLLECTION FOR BREEDING PURPOSES
B. MOLSKI, J. PUCHALSKI, W. LUCZAK and R. KUBICZEK
Botanical Garden of the Polish Academy of Sciences 02-973 Warsaw, Poland
Abstract
Molski, B., Puchalski, J., Luczak, W. and Kubiczek, R. (1983): Methods of selection of new characters among the cultivated and wild rye collection for breeding purposes, - Genetika, Vol. 15, No. 219-241.
A preliminary evaluation has been performed during regeneration and multiplication of our rye collection in field conditions and phonological development and yield structure characters were observed. There is a direct relationship between climatic conditions, duration of phenophases and yield characters. Nevertheless some rye varieties react very little and are stable but others are very sensitive to the influence of conditions and show great variation.
Protein analyses indicated several taxons with high protein content in grains which exceeded 16% for more than 5 years. Varieties with high contents of "useful" protein which are effective in nutrition are also among them. These can be used as genetic resources in the breeding programmes on the improvement of quantity and quality of protein in rye and Triticale. On the basis of our investigations it was found that some wild Secale, species, especially S. afghanicum showed higher resistance than the broadly cultivated varieties of rye. Also in some new Polish breeding strains higher resistance was seen.
Published in „GENETIKA“ Vol. 15, No.2 (1983), pp. 243-256
© 1983 Serbian Genetics Society
S. Bajića 1, 11185 Belgrade-Zemun
Serbia
UDC 575.222:631.527.3
Original scientific paper
PARENTAL LINE BREEDING IN POTATOES
k.m. swiezynski
Institute for Potato Research Mochow, 05-832 Rozalin, Poland
Abstract
Swiezynski K.M. (1983): Parental line breeding in potatoes. - Genetika, Vol. 15, No., 243-256.
There are four main problems in present day potato breeding: (1) progenies segregate for too many important characters; (2) gene associations needed to obtain high yielding progenies are rare; (3) the identification of favourable recombinants for some important characters is difficult, due to high genotype x environment interaction; and (4) desired new genes, found in wild species or primitive cultivars, are present in an unfavourable genetic background.
It is likely that these problems may be solved by parental line breeding. Parents carrying many new valuable genes, originating from wild species and primitive cultivars, in a satisfactory genetic background are being produced in numerous research centres. Recently, the first parents multiplex for valuable dominant genes have been obtained. Further advances are expected. Parents supplied to breeders in the future are likely to produce progenies in which favourable recombinants will be more frequent and their identification will require less testing.
Published in „GENETIKA“ Vol. 15, No.2 (1983), pp. 257-268
© 1983 Serbian Genetics Society
S. Bajića 1, 11185 Belgrade-Zemun
Serbia
UDC 575.222.72
Original scientific paper
INTERSPECIFIC HYBRIDIZATION WITH THE ALLOTETRAPLOID TUBER-BEARING SOLANUM SPECIES S. HJERTINGII AND S. FENDLERI
L.J.M. van SOEST
German-Netherlands Potato Department of the Gene Bank in the Federal Research Center for Agriculture Braunschweig-Volkenrode (FAL), a cooperation between the 'Institut fur Pflanzenbau und Pflanzenzuchtung der FAL', Federal Republic of Germany, and the 'Stichting voor Plantenveredeling (SVP)', the Netherlands.
Bundesallee 50, 3300 Braunschweig, F.R, Germany
Abstract
Soest van, L.J.M. (1983): Interspecific hybridization with the allotetraploid tuber - bearing Solanum species S. hjertingii and S. fendleri. - Genetika, Vol. 15, No., 257-268.
The results of interspecific crosses carried out between the allotetraploid species Solanum hjertingii and S. fendleri on one hand and tuber-bearing wild species, dihaploids and cultivated potatoes on the other are presented. No hybrids were obtained of direct crosses between S. tuberosum varieties and the two species, with the exception of some unthrifties and less vigorous plants from a cross between the variety Olympia and S. hjertingii. However, 18 three - way hybrids were produced when the variety Olympia as pistillate parent was fertilized with a pollen mixture of the cross S. fendleri x 5. hjertingii. Reciprocal crosses between the two allotetraploids on the one hand and dihaploids and diploid tuber-bearing wild species on the other, resulted in sterile triploids.
The non-race specific late blight resistance of the obtained interspecific hybrids was in general high but some variation existed between the different progenies. Finally, a possible way to transfer valuable genes of series Longipedicellata (LON) species into a cultivated background will be discussed.
Published in „GENETIKA“ Vol. 15, No.2 (1983), pp. 269-272
© 1983 Serbian Genetics Society
S. Bajića 1, 11185 Belgrade-Zemun
Serbia
UDC 575.22 : 631.527.56
Original scientific paper
PROGRESS IN BEET GERMPLASM UTILISATION
B.V. FORD-LLOYD
Dept. of Plant Biology, University of Birmingham, P.O.Box 363, Birmingham, B15 2TT, U.K.
Abstract
Ford - Lloyd, B.V. (1983): Progress in beet germplasm utilisation. - Genetika, Vol. 15, No. 2, 269-272.
It has taken a relatively short period of time (since 1800) for the sugar beet to be developed from its origin amongst fodder beet to the improved source of sugar that it represents today. Apart from the considerable increase in sugar content and consequent increase in sugar yield per hectare, the main developments in sugar beet breeding have been: use of male sterility to produce hybrid varieties, the introduction of triploid hybrids, use of the monogerm character and improvement in root shape to assist mechanical harvesting. Future additional breeding aims are highlighted in table 1.
Published in „GENETIKA“ Vol. 15, No.2 (1983), pp. 273-285
© 1983 Serbian Genetics Society
S. Bajića 1, 11185 Belgrade-Zemun
Serbia
UDC 575.222.72
Original scientific paper
PRE-BREEDING IN PHASEOLUS BEANS
D.J. OCKENDON
National Vegetable Research Station Wellesbourne, Warwick, CV35 9EF, U.K.
Abstract
Ockendon, D.J. (1983): Pre-breeding in Phaseolus beans. - Genetika, Vol. 15, No. 2, 273-285.
The four cultivated species of Phaseolus all originated in America. P. vulgaris is by far the most important and widely grown, P. lunatus and P. coccineus are locally important and P. acutifolius is a very minor crop. The number of accessions of each held in gene banks clearly reflects their relative importance. The wild forms are not yet well collected and the variation they encompass appears to be less than that of the cultivated types.
Pre-breeding in Phaseolus has concentrated on introducing tolerance to environmental stress and disease resistance into locally adapted cultivars. Both heat and cold tolerance are complex syndromes of characters which are difficult to select for reliably. Disease resistance characters, although more numerous because of the large number of pathogens involved, are usually easier to define and to screen for. Many germplasm lines carrying known resistance genes have been released, particularly in the US.
All four species have the same chromosome number and hybrids between them can be made with varying degrees of difficulty. Embryo culture is essential in some cases. The F1 hybrids invariably have reduced fertility, which is sometimes so low that obtaining backcrosses or F2 progenies is a major problem. There is no obvious restriction to gene exchange between four species, but in practice, limitations may be found because of severe genetic imbalance. Until now, most effort has been directed towards transferring characters from the other three species into P. vulgaris. However, because of the vast amount of breeding work done with P. vulgaris, there is great scope for introducing desirable agronomic traits from this species into the other three.
Attempts to transfer resistance to halo blight and a dwarf bush habit from P. vulgaris to P, coccineus are described, to illustrate some of the problems mentioned.